A bilevel model to optimize shore-to-ship connection systems with energy storage

Daniel, H., Boulon, L., Trovão, J. P. F. et Williams, D. (2026). A bilevel model to optimize shore-to-ship connection systems with energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 158 . Article 121746. ISSN 2352-152X 2352-1538 DOI 10.1016/j.est.2026.121746

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Résumé

Abstract
In the context of the maritime energy transition, this study addresses energy storage and electrical generation applications for shore power in green ports, combining the shore electrical distribution network, battery energy storage and a novel mobile hydrogen generation concept. An original bilevel optimization model is proposed, aiming to minimize port investment while optimizing the business model for the operation of the storage system. The model performs the sizing and planning-level power dispatch of the different energy sources and port configurations while ensuring optimal operating costs under the demand-charge electricity tariff. A test case on a dry bulk port with five berths resulted in an optimal configuration of a 891 kW budgeted power substation, a 367 kWh battery energy storage system, and one mobile hydrogen generator with a multi-stack fuel cell of 400 kW complemented by a battery with a capacity of 460 kWh. In the end, the proposed energy storage and mobile hydrogen generation solutions for shore power were able to reduce the levelized cost of electricity and the required peak power demand. Despite achieving a 63% cost reduction compared to reference scenarios, the optimal solution's annual profit remains negative at -$170 k, indicating a need for external financial support policies.

Type de document:	Article
Mots-clés libres:	Shore power Bilevel Optimization Battery energy storage (BESS) Port electrification Mobile hydrogen generator Marine microgrid
Date de dépôt:	26 mai 2026 18:15
Dernière modification:	26 mai 2026 18:15
Version du document déposé:	Version officielle de l'éditeur
URI:	https://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/12913

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